Wastewater reuse in Europe

被引:332
作者
Bixio, D
Thoeye, C
De Koning, J
Joksimovic, D
Savic, D
Wintgens, T
Melin, T
机构
[1] Aquafin NV, B-2630 Aartselaar, Belgium
[2] Delft Univ Technol, Sanitat Engn Dept, NL-2600 Delft, Netherlands
[3] Univ Exeter, Ctr Water Syst, Exeter EX4 4QF, Devon, England
[4] Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Chem Engn Dept, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
关键词
wastewater reclamation; water reuse; water management; European Union;
D O I
10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.070
中图分类号
TQ [化学工业];
学科分类号
0817 [化学工程与技术];
摘要
In Europe the last two decades has witnessed growing water stress, both in terms of water scarcity and quality deterioration, which has prompted many municipalities to look for a more efficient use of water resources, including a more widespread acceptance of water reuse practices. This paper reviews European water reuse practices and sets out the map of the water reclamation technologies and reuse applications. The data are based on a conventional literature survey, on the preliminary evaluation of an in-depth survey of a large number of European water reuse projects and on the findings of a dedicated international workshop. The preliminary evaluation indicates that for an increased utilisation of reclaimed wastewater, clearer institutional arrangements, more dedicated economic instruments and the set-up of water reuse guidelines are needed. Technological innovation and the establishment of a best practice framework will help, but even more, a change is needed in the underlying stakeholders' perception of the water cycle.
引用
收藏
页码:89 / 101
页数:13
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