Mass transfer from mothers to pups and mass recovery by mothers during the post-breeding foraging period in southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) at King George Island

Mass transfer from mother to pup during the lactation period, and mass recovery for the same females during the foraging period were measured in the southern elephant seal at King George Island, Antarctica. During the 19.2 +/- 0.9-day lactation period measured (which represented 87% of the entire nursing), females lost a mean mass of 10.56 +/- 1.76 kg/day (n = 27), while their pups gained a mean mass of 5.27 +/- 1.1 kg/day. There was a correlation between daily body weight gain in pups and daily weight loss by their mothers. Pup weaning mass was positively related to maternal post-partum mass. Serial samples showed that weight losses by females and gains by their pups were not linear over lactation, but showed lower values at the beginning and at the end of lactation. During the 60.5 +/- 6.2-day foraging phase between the end of lactation and molt, females gained 2.21 +/- 0.65 kg/day (n = 12), or 54% of the mass lost during nursing. Growth rates reported here are higher than those reported in other-breeding sites. However, the ratio of body mass loss by females to gain by their pups was similar, suggesting that higher growth rates and greater weaning mass at South Shetland are due to a higher mean weight of females on arrival at this breeding site. The foraging period was shorter and the mass gained greater than those measured at South Georgia; this could be related to relatively shorter distances to foraging areas.