Broad-band ultrasonic measurement techniques for liquids

Various methods for broad-band ultrasonic absorption and velocity measurements in liquids, using CW and pulsed signals, are reviewed. Several different ultrasonic spectrometric techniques are required to cover the wide range of liquid wavelength and attenuation values that exist in the kilohertz to gigahertz frequency range. Advantages and problems of various ultrasonic and related methods are discussed. Sonic cells for liquids and electronic equipment for spectral measurements are presented. Together with applications in relaxation spectrometry, examples of broad-band ultrasonic absorption spectra, utilizing different CW resonator and pulse-modulated travelling wave techniques, are presented.