Habitat structure and fish predation: effects on invertebrate colonisation and breakdown of stream leaf packs

1. We investigated the effects of two features of leaf-pack habitat structure (i.e. mass of a leaf pack and surface area of leaves comprising a leaf pack) and fish predation on colonisation of shredders and leaf breakdown rates in a coldwater stream. Packs were constructed of red maple (Acer rubrum) leaves. 2. A 2 x 3 x 3 factorial experiment was used to manipulate fish predation (exclusion and control cage), leaf-pack mass (1, 3 and 5 g dry mass) and leaf surface area (small: approx. 17.9 cm(2), medium: approx. 34.6 cm(2), large: approx. 65.6 cm(2)). Exclusion cages had mesh on all sides, whereas control cages lacked mesh on two sides to provide access to fish. 3. Common shredders were Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, Pycnopsyche and Lepidostoma. Shredder biomass per leaf pack increased with the mass of a leaf pack (P < 0.001), but biomass per unit mass of leaf pack did not differ with leaf-pack mass (P = 0.506). Shredder densities did not respond to the exclusion of fish (P > 0.7) or leaf surface area (P > 0.7), and interactions among treatment factors were not significant (P > 0.2). 4. Breakdown rates were lower for leaf packs comprised of small leaves (P < 0.001) and leaf packs with high mass (P = 0.001). Excluding fish did not significantly affect leaf breakdown rates (P = 0.293), and interactions among treatment factors were not significant (P > 0.3). Breakdown rates were highest when packs consisted of few leaves (i.e. leaf packs with large leaves and low mass) and were colonised by many shredders. 5. Fish predation was not an important factor controlling shredder densities in leaf packs over the spatiotemporal scale of our experiment. Nevertheless, we found shredder colonisation was proportional to leaf-pack mass and breakdown rates were affected by leaf-pack size (i.e. number of leaves in a pack). We suspect that fragmentation is the primary mechanism causing the breakdown rates to be dependent on leaf-pack size.