Tactile, acoustic and vestibular systems sum to elicit the startle reflex

被引:244
作者
Yeomans, JS [1 ]
Li, L
Scott, BW
Frankland, PW
机构
[1] Univ Toronto, Dept Psychol, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
[2] Peking Univ, Dept Psychol, Beijing 100971, Peoples R China
[3] Univ Toronto, Dept Pharmacol, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
[4] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Neurobiol, Inst Brain Res, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
关键词
pons; medulla; evolution; trigeminal; giant neurons;
D O I
10.1016/S0149-7634(01)00057-4
中图分类号
B84 [心理学]; C [社会科学总论]; Q98 [人类学];
学科分类号
03 ; 0303 ; 030303 ; 04 ; 0402 ;
摘要
The startle reflex is elicited by intense tactile, acoustic or vestibular stimuli. Fast mechanoreceptors in each modality can respond to skin or head displacement. In each modality, stimulation of cranial nerves or primary sensory nuclei evokes startle-like responses. The most sensitive sites in rats are found in the ventral spinal trigeminal pathway, corresponding to inputs from the dorsal face. Cross-modal summation is stronger than intramodal temporal summation, suggesting that the convergence of acoustic, vestibular and tactile information is important for eliciting startle. This summation declines sharply if the cross-modal stimuli are not synchronous. Head impact stimuli activate trigeminal, acoustic and vestibular systems together, suggesting that the startle response protects the body from impact stimuli. In each primary sensory nucleus, large, second-order neurons project to pontine reticular formation giant neurons critical for the acoustic startle reflex. In vestibular nucleus sites, startle-like responses appear to be mediated mainly via the vestibulospinal tract, not the reticulospinal tract. Summation between vestibulospinal and reticulospinal pathways mediating startle is proposed to occur in the ventral spinal cord. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
引用
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页码:1 / 11
页数:11
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