Atmospheric ions and aerosol formation

This paper discusses atmospheric ions and their role in aerosol formation. Emphasis is placed upon the upper troposphere where very low temperatures tend to facilitate new particle formation by nucleation. New measurements addressed include: Laboratory measurements of cluster ions, aircraft measurements of ambient atmospheric ions, atmospheric measurements of the powerful nucleating gas H(2)SO(4) and its gaseous precursor SO(2). The paper also discusses model simulations of aerosol formation and growth. It is concluded that in the upper troposphere new aerosol formation via ions is a frequent process with relatively large rates. However new particle formation by homogeneous nucleation which does not involve ions also seems to be efficient. The bottleneck in the formation of upper troposphere aerosol particles with sizes sufficiently large to be climate relevant is mostly not nucleation but sufficient growth of new and still very small particles. Our recent upper troposphere SO(2) measurements suggest that particle growth by gaseous sulphuric acid condensation can be efficient in certain circumstances. If so, cosmic ray mediated formation of CCN sized particles should at least occasionally be operative in the upper troposphere.