Nosocomial pneumonia in elderly patients following cardiac surgery

Objective: To identify modifiable risk factors of nosocomial pneumonia (NP) in elderly patients post-cardiac surgery. Design: A case-control study. Setting: Post-operative intensive care unit of a tertiary-level university affiliated hospital. Subjects: Seventy three case-control pairs. Case patients referred to elderly patients who developed pneumonia post-cardiac surgery. Controls subjects were matched for age, gender, type of surgery, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), and ejection fraction. Measurements: Baseline sociodemograpahic information, Charlson Comorbidity Index score, intra- and post-operative data were collected. When suspected, the presence of NP was confirmed by quantitative culture of protected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid >= 10(3) colony forming unit/ml or positive blood/pleural fluid culture identical to that recovered from respiratory samples. Results: The incidence of NP in elderly post-heart surgery was 8.3%. The mean duration after heart surgery to the occurrence of pneumonia was 7.2 +/- 4.9 days. Four variables were found to be significantly related to the development of NP by multivariate analysis: Charlson Index > 2 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 4.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9-11.4; P < 0.001), reintubation (AOR 6.2; 95% CI, 1.1-36.1; P=0.04), transfusion >= 4 units of PRBC (AOR 2.8; 95% Cl, 1.2-6.3; P = 0.01), and the mean equivalent daily dose of morphine (AOR 4.6; 95% Cl, 1.4-14.6; P = 0.01). Conclusions: Although there are limited effective measures to lessen the burden of comorbidities, avoiding reintubation, finding a substitute to allogenic blood transfusion, and improved assessment of pain management could reduce the rate of NP in the post-operative period of cardiac surgery in the elderly population. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.