Spray-Drying Optimization for Red Pitaya Peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus)

Optimization for the spray-drying of pitaya peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) was carried out using the central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology to study the effect of inlet air temperature (155-175 A degrees C), outlet air temperature (75-85 A degrees C), and maltodextrin DE10 concentration (8-22% w/w) on the pitaya peel powder characteristics. Spray-dried pitaya peel powders had high betacyanin retention and low water activity and had desirable color, solubility, and hygroscopicity properties. Significant (p < 0.05) response surface models with high coefficients of determination values (R (2) > 0.85) ranging from 0.896 to 0.979 fitted for the experimental data were obtained. The linear term of maltodextrin concentration was found to be the most significant (p < 0.05) variable influencing the powder characteristics, and the outlet temperature had the least effect. The overall optimum region for the spray-drying of the desirable pitaya peel powder was predicted at a combined parameter of inlet air temperature at 165 A degrees C, outlet air temperature at 80 A degrees C, and maltodextrin DE10 at 15% (w/w).