Vascular cognitive impairment: Current concepts and Indian perspective

Cognitive impairment due to cerebrovascular disease is termed "Vascular Cognitive Impairment" (VCI) and forms a spectrum that includes Vascular Dementia (VaD) and milder forms of cognitive impairment referred to as Vascular Mild Cognitive Impairment (VaMCI). VCI represents a complex neurological disorder that occurs as a result of interaction between vascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and brain parenchymal changes such as macro and micro infarcts, haemorrhages, white matter changes, and brain atrophy occurring in an ageing brain. Mixed degenerative and vascular pathologies are increasingly being recognised and an interaction between the AD pathology, vascular risk factors, and strokes is now proposed. The high cardiovascular disease burden in India, increasing stroke incidence, and ageing population have contributed to large numbers of patients with VCI in India. Inadequate resources coupled with low awareness make it a problem that needs urgent attention, it is important identify patients at early stages of cognitive impairment, to treat appropriately and prevent progression to frank dementia.