Working memory and decision-making biases in young adults with a family history of alcoholism: Studies from the Oklahoma Family Health Patterns Project

Background: Alcohol misuse is more common in persons with a family history of alcoholism (FH+) than in those with no Such history (FH-). Among FH+, behavioral disinhibition and male sex seem to signal the presence of an increased risk. Methods: This study examined cognitive and behavioral characteristics of 175 nonabusing 18- to 30-year-olds, 87 FH+ and 88 FH-, who were further characterized by their degree of behavioral disinhibition using the Sociability scale of the California Personality Inventory. Working memory and decision making were tested using the Stroop Color-Word Test and the Iowa Gambling Task, a simulated card game. Results: Persons with a family history of alcoholism who were behaviorally disinhibited displayed significantly greater interference oil the Stroop task than the other subgroups. Oil the Iowa Gambling Task, FH+ males, but not the females, were significantly more attentive to financial gains than other Subgroups, and they had greater consistency in their choice behaviors. Conclusions: Persons with a family history of alcoholism, in combination with behavioral disinhibition, appears to signal working memory deficits and in combination with male sex indicates an attraction to the rewarding aspects of a risk-taking challenge. These findings are not secondary to heavy exposure to alcohol or other drugs, but instead reflect intrinsic risk-related familial and personal characteristics of the Subjects.