Alphavirus budding is dependent on the interaction between the nucleocapsid and hydrophobic amino acids on the cytoplasmic domain of the E2 envelope glycoprotein

The interaction between the nucleocapsid core and the glycoprotein spikes is a critical component in the budding process of alphaviruses. A molecular model was previously proposed which suggested that this interaction was mediated by the binding of the cytoplasmic domain of glycoprotein E2 into a hydrophobic pocket found on the surface of the nucleocapsid protein [S. Lee, K.E. Owen, H.-K. Choi, H. Lee, G. Lu, G. Wengler, D.T. Brown, M.G. Rossmann, and R.J. Kuhn (1996) Structure 4, 531-541; U. Skoging, M. Vihinen, L. Nilsson, and P. Liljestrom (1996) Structure 4, 519-529]. Two hydrophobic amino acids in the cytoplasmic domain of E2 were predicted to be important in the contact between the proteins. One of the residues, Y400 (Sindbis virus numbering), had previously been shown by mutational studies to be important in the budding of Semliki Forest Virus [H. Zhao, B. Lindqvist, H. Garoff, C. H. von Bonsdorf, and P. Liljestrom (1994) EMBO J. 13, 4204-4211]. The role of the second residue, L402, had not been examined. By creating a panel of amino acid substitutions at this residue, followed by phenotypic analysis of rescued mutant viruses, we now show that L402 is critical for the production of Sindbis virus. Substitutions at this amino acid inhibit budding, and the data suggest that L402 plays an important role in the interaction between the glycoprotein and the nucleocapsid core. These data support the model and suggest that the proposed molecular interactions are important for the budding of alphaviruses from the cell. (C) 1997 Academic Press.