Do evolutionary life-history trade-offs influence prostate cancer risk? a review of population variation in testosterone levels and prostate cancer disparities

被引:19
作者
Alvarado, Louis Calistro [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ New Mexico, Dept Anthropol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
基金
美国国家科学基金会;
关键词
challenge hypothesis; cross-cultural variation; male reproductive physiology; prostate cancer; testosterone; SEX-HORMONE LEVELS; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR GENE; PAN-TROGLODYTES-SCHWEINFURTHII; POTENTIAL REPRODUCTIVE RATES; FACTOR INTERVENTION TRIAL; SALIVARY TESTOSTERONE; SERUM TESTOSTERONE; UNITED-STATES; WHITE MEN; SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS;
D O I
10.1111/eva.12036
中图分类号
Q [生物科学];
学科分类号
090105 [作物生产系统与生态工程];
摘要
An accumulation of evidence suggests that increased exposure to androgens is associated with prostate cancer risk. The unrestricted energy budget that is typical of Western diets represents a novel departure from the conditions in which men's steroid physiology evolved and is capable of supporting distinctly elevated testosterone levels. Although nutritional constraints likely underlie divergent patterns of testosterone secretion between Westernized and non-Western men, considerable variability exists in men's testosterone levels and prostate cancer rates within Westernized populations. Here, I use evolutionary life history theory as a framework to examine prostate cancer risk. Life history theory posits trade-offs between investment in early reproduction and long-term survival. One corollary of life history theory is the challenge hypothesis, which predicts that males augment testosterone levels in response to intrasexual competition occurring within reproductive contexts. Understanding men's evolved steroid physiology may contribute toward understanding susceptibility to prostate cancer. Among well-nourished populations of Westerners, men's testosterone levels already represent an outlier of cross-cultural variation. I hypothesize that Westernized men in aggressive social environments, characterized by intense malemale competition, will further augment testosterone production aggravating prostate cancer risk.
引用
收藏
页码:117 / 133
页数:17
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