Targeting estrogen receptor subtypes (ERα and ERβ) with selective ER modulators in ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer cells express both estrogen receptor a (ER alpha) and ER beta, and hormonal therapy is an attractive treatment option because of its relatively few side effects. However, estrogen was previously shown to have opposite effects in tumors expressing ER alpha compared with ER beta, indicating that the two receptor subtypes may have opposing effects. This may explain the modest response to nonselective estrogen inhibition in clinical practice. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of selectively targeting each ER subtype on ovarian cancer growth. Ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV3 and OV2008, expressing both ER subtypes, were treated with highly selective ER modulators. Sodium 30-(1-(phenylaminocarbonyl)-3,4-tetrazolium)-bis(4-methoxy-6-nitro) benzene sulfonic acid hydrate (XTT) assay revealed that treatment with 1,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-5-[4-(2-piperidinylethoxy) phenol]-1H-pyrazole dihydrochloride (MPP) (ER alpha antagonist) or 2,3-bis(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propionitrile (DPN) (ER beta agonist) significantly suppressed cell growth in both cell lines. In contrast, 4,4',4 ''-(4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl) trisphenol (PPT) (ER alpha agonist) or 4-[2-phenyl-5,7-bis (trifluoromethyl) pyrazolo[1,5-a]-pyrimidin-3-yl] phenol (PHTPP) (ER beta antagonist) significantly enhanced cell growth. These results were confirmed on a xenograft model where SKOV3 cells were injected s.c. into ovariectomized mice. We observed that the average size of xenografts in both the DPN-treated group and the MPP-treated group was significantly smaller than that for the vehicle-treated group. In addition, we found that phospho-AKTexpressions in SKOV3 cells were reduced by 80% after treatment with MPP and DPN, indicating that the AKT pathway was involved. The combined treatment with MPP and DPN had a synergistic effect in suppressing ovarian cancer cell growth. Our findings indicate that targeting ER subtypes may enhance the response to hormonal treatment in women with ovarian cancer.