All-atom models for the non-nucleoside binding site of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase complexed with inhibitors: A 3D QSAR approach

Several molecular modeling techniques were used to generate an all-atom molecular model of a receptor binding site starting only from Ca atom coordinates. The model consists of 48 noncontiguous residues of the non-nucleoside binding site of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and was generated using a congeneric series of nevirapine analogs as structural probes. On the basis of the receptor-ligand atom contacts, the program HINT was used to develop a 3D quantitative structure activity relationship that predicted the rank order of binding affinities for the series of inhibitors. Electronic profiles of the ligands in their docked conformations were characterized using electrostatic potential maps and frontier orbital calculations. These results led to the development of a 3D stereoelectronic pharmacophore which was used to construct 3D queries for database searches. A search of the National Cancer Institute's open database identified a lead compound that exhibited moderate antiviral activity.