Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Using Dense and Aligned TiO2 Nanorod Arrays

被引:370
作者
Wolcott, Abraham [1 ]
Smith, Wilson A. [2 ]
Kuykendall, Tevye R. [3 ]
Zhao, Yiping [2 ]
Zhang, Jin Z. [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
[2] Univ Georgia, Dept Phys & Astron, Athens, GA 30602 USA
[3] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
关键词
1D nanomaterials; hydrogen production; nanorods; oblique-angle deposition; photoelectrochemical cells; HYDROGEN GENERATION; TITANIUM-DIOXIDE; NANOTUBE ARRAYS; SOLAR-ENERGY; NANOWIRES; FILMS; ELECTRODES; EFFICIENCY; GROWTH; ZNO;
D O I
10.1002/smll.200800902
中图分类号
O6 [化学];
学科分类号
0703 ;
摘要
Dense and aligned TiO2 nanorod arrays are fabricated using oblique-angle deposition on indium tin oxide (ITO) conducting substrates. The TiO2 nanorods are measured to be 800-1100 nm in length and 45-400 nm in width with an anatase crystal phase. Coverage of the ITO is extremely high with 25 x 10(6) mm(-2) of the TiO2 nanorods. The first use of these dense TiO2 nanorod arrays as working electrodes in photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells used for the generation of hydrogen by water splitting is demonstrated. A number of experimental techniques including UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and photoelectrochemistry are used to characterize their structural, optical, and electronic properties. Both UV/Vis and incident-photon-to-current-efficiency measurements show their photoresponse in the visible is limited but with a marked increase around approximate to 400 nm. Mott-Schottky measurements give a flat-band potential (V-FB) of +0.20 V, a carrier density of 4.5 x 10(17) cm(-3), and a space-charge layer of 99 nm. Overall water splitting is observed with an applied overpotential at 1.0 V (versus Ag/AgCl) with a photo-to-hydrogen efficiency of 0.1%. The results suggest that these dense and aligned one-dimensional TiO2 nanostructures are promising for hydrogen generation from water splitting based on PEC cells.
引用
收藏
页码:104 / 111
页数:8
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