Nitroreductase-based therapy of prostate cancer, enhanced by raising expression of heat shock protein 70, acts through increased anti-tumour immunity

Gene-directed enzyme-prodrug therapy (GDEPT) using nitroreductase (NTR), with efficient adenoviral delivery, and CB1954 (CB), is an effective means of directly killing tumours. However, an immune-mediated bystander effect remains an important product of GDEPT since it is often critical to the elimination of untransduced tumour cells both locally and at distal metastatic sites through generation of tumour-specific immunity without the need for tumour antigen identification or the generation of a personalised vaccine. The mode of induced tumour cell death is thought to contribute to the immunisation process, together with the induction and release of stress proteins. Here, RM-9 murine prostate tumour cells were efficiently killed by adenovirally delivered NTR/CB treatment both in vitro and in vivo, and bystander effects were observed. Cells appeared to die by pathways that suggest necrosis more than that of classical apoptosis. NTR/CB-induced expression of a range of stress proteins was determined by proteomic analysis, revealing chiefly heat shock protein (HSP)25 and HSP70 upregulation, whilst immune responses in vivo were weak. In an attempt to enhance the anti-tumour effect, an adenoviral vector was constructed that co-expressed NTR and HSP70, the latter being a known immune stimulator and chaperone of antigen. This combination elicited significantly enhanced protection over NTR alone for both the treated tumour and a subsequent re-challenge. Protection was CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell-dependent and was associated with tumour-specific CTL, IFN gamma and IL-5 responses. The use of such a cytotoxic and immunomodulatory gene combination in cancer therapy warrants further pursuit.