Epidemiology and the causes of breast cancer

被引：84

作者：

MacMahon, B ^{[1
]}

机构：

[1] Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA

来源：

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER | 2006年 / 118卷 / 10期

关键词：

breast cancer; epidemiology; age; parity; international causes; early life;

D O I：

10.1002/ijc.21404

中图分类号：

R73 [肿瘤学];

学科分类号：

100214 ;

摘要：

This article describes the characteristics of 3 dominant features of breast cancer epidemiology. These characteristics include the association of disease risk with childbearing, its relationship to ovarian activity and its international variation (particularly as the latter differs in the years before and after menopause). Equivocal tests of one hypothesis that reconciled some of these features through variations in levels of the fractions of estrogen are described. Other hypotheses with a similar objective are needed. The 3 known causes of human breast cancer, ionizing radiation, exogenous ovarian hormones and beverage alcohol, offer some preventive possibilities but do little to explain the epidemiologic features of the majority of cases of the disease that occur in their absence. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

引用

页码：2373 / 2378

页数：6

共 47 条

[1] Growth patterns and the risk of breast cancer in women [J].

Ahlgren, M ;

Melbye, M ;

Wohlfahrt, J ;

Sorensen, TIA .

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, 2004, 351 (16) :1619-1626

[2]

Albrektsen G, 1996, CANCER CAUSE CONTROL, V7, P487, DOI 10.1007/BF00052676

[3] Effects of conjugated, equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy - The women's health initiative randomized controlled trial [J].

Anderson, GL ;

Limacher, M ;

Assaf, AR ;

Bassford, T ;

Beresford, SAA ;

Black, H ;

Bonds, D ;

Brunner, R ;

Brzyski, R ;

Caan, B ;

Chlebowski, R ;

Curb, D ;

Gass, M ;

Hays, J ;

Heiss, G ;

Hendrix, S ;

Howard, BV ;

Hsia, J ;

Hubbell, A ;

Jackson, R ;

Johnson, KC ;

Judd, H ;

Kotchen, JM ;

Kuller, L ;

LaCroix, AZ ;

Lane, D ;

Langer, RD ;

Lasser, N ;

Lewis, CE ;

Manson, J ;

Margolis, K ;

Ockene, J ;

O'Sullivan, MJ ;

Phillips, L ;

Prentice, RL ;

Ritenbaugh, C ;

Robbins, J ;

Rossouw, JE ;

Sarto, G ;

Stefanick, ML ;

Van Horn, L ;

Wactawski-Wende, J ;

Wallace, R ;

Wassertheil-Smoller, S .

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 2004, 291 (14) :1701-1712

[4] Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer -: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58515 women with breast cancer and 95067 women without the disease [J].

Beral, V ;

Hamajima, N ;

Hirose, K ;

Rohan, T ;

Calle, EE ;

Heath, CW ;

Coates, RJ ;

Liff, JM ;

Talamini, R ;

Chantarakul, N ;

Koetsawang, S ;

Rachawat, D ;

Morabia, A ;

Schuman, L ;

Stewart, W ;

Szklo, M ;

Bain, C ;

Schofield, F ;

Siskind, V ;

Band, P ;

Coldman, AJ ;

Gallagher, RP ;

Hislop, TG ;

Yang, P ;

Kolonel, LM ;

Nomura, AMY ;

Hu, J ;

Johnson, KC ;

Mao, Y ;

De Sanjose, S ;

Lee, N ;

Marchbanks, P ;

Ory, HW ;

Peterson, HB ;

Wilson, HG ;

Wingo, PA ;

Ebeling, K ;

Kunde, D ;

Nishan, P ;

Hopper, JL ;

Colditz, G ;

Gajalakshmi, V ;

Martin, N ;

Pardthaisong, T ;

Solpisornkosol, S ;

Theetranont, C ;

Boosiri, B ;

Chutivongse, S ;

Jimakorn, P ;

Virutamasen, P .

BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER, 2002, 87 (11) :1234-1245

[5] Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50 302 women with breast cancer and 96 973 women without the disease [J].

Beral, V ;

Bull, D ;

Doll, R ;

Peto, R ;

Reeves, G ;

La Vecchia, C ;

Magnusson, C ;

Miller, T ;

Peterson, B ;

Pike, M ;

Thomas, D ;

van Leeuwen, F .

LANCET, 2002, 360 (9328) :187-195

[6]

Beral V, 1997, LANCET, V350, P1047, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)08233-0

[7]

Beral Valerie, 2003, Lancet, V362, P419, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14065-2

[8] EFFECT OF YEAR OF BIRTH ON BREAST-CANCER AGE-INCIDENCE CURVE IN ICELAND [J].

BJARNASON, O ;

DAY, N ;

SNAEDAL, G ;

TULINIUS, H .

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, 1974, 13 (05) :689-696

[9] RADIATION-DOSE AND BREAST-CANCER RISK IN PATIENTS TREATED FOR CANCER OF THE CERVIX [J].

BOICE, JD ;

BLETTNER, M ;

KLEINERMAN, RA ;

ENGHOLM, G ;

STOVALL, M ;

LISCO, H ;

AUSTIN, DF ;

BOSCH, A ;

HARLAN, L ;

KREMENTZ, ET ;

LATOURETTE, HB ;

MERRILL, JA ;

PETERS, LJ ;

SCHULZ, MD ;

WACTAWSKI, J ;

STORM, HH ;

BJORKHOLM, E ;

PETTERSSON, F ;

BELL, CMJ ;

COLEMAN, MP ;

FRASER, P ;

NEAL, FE ;

PRIOR, P ;

CHOI, NW ;

HISLOP, TG ;

KOCH, M ;

KREIGER, N ;

ROBB, D ;

ROBSON, D ;

THOMSON, DH ;

LOCHMULLER, H ;

VONFOURNIER, D ;

FRISCHKORN, R ;

KJORSTAD, KE ;

RIMPELA, A ;

PEJOVIC, MH ;

KIRN, VP ;

STANKUSOVA, H ;

PISANI, P ;

SIGURDSSON, K ;

HUTCHISON, GB ;

MACMAHON, B .

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, 1989, 44 (01) :7-16

[10]

BOYLE P, 1988, BAILLIERE CLIN ONCOL, V2, P1

← 1 2 3 4 5 →