Fragmentation effects on forest birds: Relative influence of woodland cover and configuration on landscape occupancy

Habitat fragmentation has been shown to influence the abundance, movements, and persistence of many species. We asked the following questions: (1) Do species respond mainly to habitat loss or to the changes in habitat configuration resulting from this loss? (2) Do species exhibit sharp thresholds in their response to forest cover or configuration? We compared the relative influence of forest cover and configuration on 15 bird species in 33 landscapes (6.25 km(2)) in eastern Ontario, Canada. Forest cover in these landscapes varied between 3.4% and 66. The metrics we used to quantify forest configuration were correlated to forest cover, so we regressed these configuration metrics against cover and used the residuals in logistic regression models. Of the 15 forest bird species included in the analyses, the presence of only 3 (Downy Woodpecker [Picoides pubescens], Brown Creeper [Certhia americana], and White-breasted Nuthatch [Sitta carolinensis]) was not significantly related to either cotter or configuration of woodland Forest cover and configuration each were significant predictors of the presence of 6 species in landscapes occupied in both years, and 3 species responded both to cover and configuration, Models based on single years showed variability in the landscape characteristics that were significant predictor of the presence of each species These results indicate that (1) landscape structure was an important predictor of bird distribution, (2) both forest cover and configuration were important predictors of species presence, and (3) responses were species-specific Effects of forest cover and configuration on species presence generally were not characterized by sharp thresholds, preventing the application of simple management rules. Although forest cover is an important feature of landscape structure, our results indicate that woodland configuration is far from negligible component that should also be incorporated in conservation strategies.