Air pollution by fine particulate matter in Bangladesh

In Dhaka, Bangladesh, particular matter (PM) is the air pollutant that is most harmful to public health and the environment when compared to other measured criteria pollutants. During recent years, the Government of Bangladesh has tried to control PM emissions coming from anthropogenic sources. About 30-50% of the PM10 mass in Dhaka (depending on location) is in fine particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.2 mu m. These particles are mainly of anthropogenic origin and predominately from transport-related sources. However, the combination of meteorological conditions, long-range transport during the winter and local sources results in PM concentrations remaining much higher than the Bangladesh National Ambient Air Quality Standard (BNAAQS). It has been found that black carbon accounted for about 50% of the total fine PM mass before the adoption of control policies. As a result, the PM emission as well as BC has not increased in proportion to the increase in the number of combustion sources like motor vehicles, diesel power generator or brick kiln. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied to fine particle composition data from January 2007 to February 2009. It was found that motor vehicles contribute less BC with respect to brick kiln industry. This result demonstrates the effectiveness of the government's policy interventions since previously vehicles represented the major contributors of BC. BC is also transported over long distances, mixing with other particles along the way as demonstrated by a potential source contribution function analysis. Transboundary transport of air pollution in the South Asian region has become an issue of increasing importance over the past several decades. The relative amounts of local and long-range transported pollutants are currently unknown.