Bone marrow stimulation induces greater chondrogenesis in trochlear vs condylar cartilage defects in skeletally mature rabbits

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the early repair response of cartilage defects in trochlea (TR) and medial femoral condyle (MFC) at 2-3 weeks after bone marrow stimulation. Design: Bilateral full-thickness cartilage defects were generated in central trochlear groove and MFC of skeletally mature rabbits. Four subchondral perforations were made on each defect, either by micro-fracture to 2 mm deep, or by drilling to 2 mm or 6 mm deep. Rabbits were sacrificed either on Day 14 post-operatively or on Day 21. Defects were analyzed by histology, stereology, histomorphometry and micro-computed tomography (CT). Intact femurs (N = 4) served as controls. Results: Stromal cell density recruitment was similar in all defects, irrespective of defect location and surgical techniques used. There was a robust appearance of chondrocytes at Day 21 in TR defects with significantly higher volume fraction of chondrocytes in TR compared to MFC (P = 0.013). Chondrogenic foci were observed in marrow penetrating holes, with a significantly higher frequency and larger foci in TR vs MFC defects at Day 21 (P = 0.043 and P = 0.0014, respectively). Micro-CT analysis showed that deep drilling elicited significantly more mineralized bone fill compared to shallower perforations at 2 and 3 weeks repair (all at P <= 0.0008). Conclusions: Bone marrow stimulation induced greater chondrogenesis in TR vs MFC defects in adult rabbits, with more chondrocytes and larger chondrogenic foci appearing in TR vs MFC on Day 21 post-operation. (C) 2013 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.