Results from an ECMWF-SSM/I forced mixed layer model of the Southern Ocean

A hulk mixed layer model of the entire Southern Ocean forced by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) near-surface air temperatures and winds is presented. In addition, the Southern Ocean sea ice concentration determined from daily Defense Meteorological Satellite Program special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) observations obviates the need for a dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model. The oceanic mixed layer serves as the interface between the deep ocean and the atmosphere or sea ice. Measurements have shown that in the Southern Ocean entrainment of relatively warm deep water into the mixed layer has a significant impact on the oceanic stability and is the primary reason for the thinness of its sea ice cover. The use of satellite-derived ice concentrations reduces greatly the required accuracy in air temperature and wind needed by the model compared to the accuracy needed by coupled sea ice ocean models because these data are only needed here in the calculation of salt and heat fluxes and not to derive ice cover or ice dynamics. The results show that the seasonal cycle and the spatial distribution of mixed layer temperature, salinity, and depth can be reproduced and are in good agreement with in situ observations. Limitations in accuracy result predominantly still from uncertainties in air temperature, cloud cover, and wind speed during the summer months for areas with no or little ice coverage, ice concentration, and snow depth during the winter months as well as ocean currents.