Signaling domain of the aspartate receptor is a helical hairpin with a localized kinase docking surface: Cysteine and disulfide scanning studies

Cysteine and disulfide scanning has been employed to probe the signaling domain, a highly conserved motif found in the cytoplasmic region of the aspartate receptor of bacterial chemotaxis and related members of the taxis receptor family. Previous work has characterized the N-terminal section of the signaling domain [Bass, R. B., and Falke, J. J. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 25006-25014], while the present study focuses on the C-terminal section and the interactions between these two regions. Engineered cysteine residues are incorporated at positions Gly388 through Ile419 in the signaling domain, thereby generating a Library of receptors each containing a single cysteine per receptor subunit. The solvent exposure of each cysteine is ascertained by chemical reactivity measurements, revealing a periodic pattern of buried hydrophobic and exposed polar residues characteristic of an amphipathic alpha-helix, denoted helix alpha 8. The helix begins between positions R392 and Val401, then continues through the last residue scanned, Ile419. Activity assays carried out both in vivo and in vitro indicate that both the buried and exposed faces of this amphipathic helix are critical for proper receptor function and the buried surface is especially important for kinase downregulation. Patterns of disulfide bond formation suggest that helix alpha 8, together with the immediately N-terminal helix alpha 7, forms a helical hairpin that associates with a symmetric hairpin from the other subunit of the homodimer, generating an antiparallel four helix bundle containing helices alpha 7, alpha 7', alpha 8, and alpha 8'. Finally, the protein-interactions-by-cysteine-modification (PICM) method suggests that the loop between helices alpha 7 and alpha 8 interacts with the kinase CheA and/or the coupling protein CheW, expanding the receptor surface implicated in kinase docking.