Confounded by confounding: separating association from causation

被引：5

作者：

Davies, HTO ^{[1
]}

Williams, FLR

机构：

[1] Univ St Andrews, Dept Management, Serv Res & Hlth Care Management, St Andrews KY16 9AL, Fife, Scotland

[2] Univ Dundee, Ninewells Hosp & Med Sch, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland

来源：

HOSPITAL MEDICINE | 1999年 / 60卷 / 04期

关键词：

D O I：

10.12968/hosp.1999.60.4.1098

中图分类号：

R5 [内科学];

学科分类号：

1002 ; 100201 ;

摘要：

Health-care professionals need to be able to distinguish causal relationships from simple associations in two main areas: when unravelling the aetiology of diseases, and when assessing the effects of therapies, In each of these the presence of confounding can seriously mislead. This short report explains the nature of confounding and outlines criteria that can be applied to help distinguish causality from mere statistical associations.

引用

页码：294 / 297

页数：4

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