Aged garlic extract inhibits homocysteine-induced CD36 expression and foam cell formation in human macrophages

Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels have been recognized as an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease. During formation of early atherosclerotic lesions, expression of CD36, a class B scavenger receptor on macrophages, is crucially involved in the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) and foam-cell formation. We therefore determined the effects of Hcy on CD36 expression and foam cell formation in human monocytes/macrophages (THP-1) using flow cytometry, and the effects of aged garlic extract (AGE) on this process. Incubation of THP-1 cells with Hcy (200 mu mol/L) for 72 h in the presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (10 nmol/L) caused a 37.8 +/- 5.2% increase in CD36 expression compared with PMA-stimulated cells without Hcy (P < 0.01). Coincubation with AGE (5 g/L) significantly suppressed CD36 expression by 61.8 +/- 13.9%, compared with control conditions, and by 48.6 +/- 9.0% compared with Hcy-incubated cells (P < 0.01). THP-1 cells in the presence of PMA (10 nmol/L) were incubated with Hcy or AGE for 72 h followed by incubation with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3'3'-tetra-methylindocyanide percholorate (Dil)-labeled OxLDL for 3 h, and fluorescence intensity was measured by flow cytometry. AGE also inhibited Dil-labeled OxLDL uptake into PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells by 85.6 +/- 2.8% (P < 0.01), but Hcy had no effects on it. Our data indicate that AGE inhibits CD36 expression and OxLDL uptake in macrophages and suggest that the extract could modulate the formation of early atherosclerotic lesions.