A light and electron microscopic study of oedematous human cerebral cortex in two patients with post-traumatic seizures

Primary objective: Brain cortical biopsies of two patients with clinical diagnosis of complicated brain trauma who had seizures, were studied by means of light and electron microscopes in order to correlate structural alterations with seizure activity. Methods and procedures: Biopsy samples of left frontal cortex and right parietal cortex were processed by current techniques for light and transmission electron microscopy. Results: The tissue showed severe vasogenic oedema with perivascular and intraparenchymatous haemorrhages. At the capillary wall, increased vesicular and vacuolar transendothelial transport, open endothelial junctions, thickened basement membrane and swollen perivascular astrocytic end-feet were observed. Some pyramidal and non-pyramidal nerve cells appeared dense and shrunken and others exhibited marked intraneuronal enlargement of membrane compartment. The myelinated axons displayed signs of degeneration and a process of axonal sprouting. Numerous swollen asymmetrical axo-dendritic synaptic contacts were observed in the neuropil, which exhibited mostly closely aggregated spheroidal synaptic vesicles toward the presynaptic membrane and numerous exocytotic vesicles sites. The perisynaptic astrocytic ensheathment appeared retracted or absent, whereas the extracellular space appeared notably dilated. Synaptic disassembly was also observed. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate, in two patients with post-traumatic seizure activity, brain brarrier dysfunction, vasogenic oedema, anoxic-ischaemic neurons, axonal sprouting, numerous altered excitatory synapses and synaptic disassembly. Some considerations on clinical and research applications are discussed.