Definition of cancer cachexia: effect of weight loss, reduced food intake, and systemic inflammation on functional status and prognosis

Background: Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome that is poorly defined. Objective: Our objective was to evaluate whether a 3-factor profile incorporating weight loss (>= 10%), low food intake (<= 1500 kcal/d), and systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein >= 10 mg/L) might relate better to the adverse functional aspects of cachexia and to a patient's overall prognosis than will weight loss alone. Design: One hundred seventy weight-losing (>= 5%) patients with advanced pancreatic cancer were screened for nutritional status, functional status, performance score, health status, and quality of life. Patients were followed for a minimum of 6 mo, and survival was noted. Patients were characterized by using the individual factors, !,2 factors, or all 3 factors. Results: Weight loss alone did not define a population that differed in functional aspects of self-reported quality of life or health status and differed only in objective factors of physical function. The 3-factor profile identified both reduced subjective and objective function. In the overall population, the 3 factors, >= 2 factors, and individual profile factors (except weight loss) all carried adverse prognostic significance (P < 0.01). Subgroup analysis showed that the 3-factor profile carried adverse prognostic significance in localized (hazard ratio: 4.9; P < 0.001) but not in metastatic disease. Conclusions: Weight loss alone does not identify the full effect of cachexia on physical function and is not a prognostic variable. The 3-factor profile (weight loss, reduced food intake, and systemic inflammation) identifies patients with both adverse function and prognosis. Shortened survival applies particularly to cachectic patients with localized disease, thereby reinforcing the need for early intervention.