Indentation of plastically graded substrates by sharp indentors

The present paper investigates the indentation of plastically graded substrates by sharp indentors. Contact analysis of plastically graded surfaces can be particularly useful in the design of load-bearing devices such as gears, rollers and electric contacts found in many macro- and micro-electro-mechanical systems. Substrates made of plastically graded materials are often encountered in nature or are artificially produced as a result of chemical and/or physical surface treatments. The variation of the plastic properties depends on micro-structural or compositional changes of the material with depth. The analysis of indentation of plastically graded substrates by sharp indentors provide the load-penetration response, as well as the strains and stresses inside the substrate, at maximum loading and at complete unloading. The parametric analysis of the solutions enables the direct correlation of the plastic properties and the load-penetration curves obtained from instrumented indentation tests. The variation of the plastic properties can subsequently be related to important micro-structural parameters such as particle composition, dislocation density and grain size. The results of this work show how surface modifications can induce plastic graded properties that strengthen substrates against contact-induced damage. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.