α,β-unsaturated β-silyl imide substrates for catalytic, enantioselective conjugate additions:: A total synthesis of (+)-lactacystin and the discovery of a new proteasome inhibitor

Chiral (salen)Al μ-oxo dimer 1 catalyzes the highly enantioselective conjugate addition of carbon-centered nucleophiles to α,β-unsaturated silyl imides. Allyldimethylsilane-substituted imide 4 was identified as an optimal substrate, undergoing addition reactions with a variety of nitrile nucleophiles in high yield and enantiomeric excess. The silicon-containing products are synthetically useful chiral building blocks, as demonstrated by their application to an enantioselective total synthesis of the potent proteasome inhibitor (+)-lactacystin (2). Elaboration of lactam 5a to the natural product was effected in 12 steps and in 11% overall yield and proceeded through an unusual spiro β-lactone intermediate (11). This compound was found to inhibit the chymotrypsin-like site of the 26S proteasome at similar levels to known inhibitor clasto-lactacystin β-lactone (omuralide). Copyright © 2006 American Chemical Society.