Inhibitory effect of the iron chelator Desferrioxamine (Desferal) on the generation of activated oxygen species by Chattonella marina

Recent studies demonstrated that the toxic red tide phytoplankton Chattonella spp. produce activated oxygen species such as superoxide anion (O-2(-)), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (. OH), which may be responsible for the toxicity of this flagellate. However, the mechanism behind the production of these oxygen radicals and H2O2 by Chattonella spp. is largely unknown, and the physiological significance of activated oxygen species for Chattonella spp. is also unclear. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of iron in the generation of O-2(-) and H2O2 by C. marina. The generation of O-2(-) by C. marina was related to the growth phase: the highest rate of O-2(-) production was observed during the exponential growth phase. However, no such increase during the exponential growth phase was observed in C. marina growing in an iron-deficient medium, even though the growth of C. marina was not significantly affected by iron-deficiency during the first 4 d. In addition, the iron chelator desferrioxamine (Desferal) strongly inhibited the generation of both O-2(-) and H2O2 by C. marina in a concentration-dependent manner. The growth of C. marina was also inhibited by Desferal. Furthermore, in the presence of 500 mu M Desferal. C. marina-induced growth inhibition of the marine bacteria Vibrio alginolyticus was almost completely abolished. These results suggest that iron is required for the generation of activated oxygen species by C. marina, as well as for its own growth.