Intrazeolite photochemistry .17. Zeolites as electron donors: Photolysis of methylviologen incorporated within zeolites

Methylviologen (MV2+) has been adsorbed in a series of zeolites including alkaline ion faujasites (HNaY, LiNaY, NaY, KNaY, RbNaY, CsNaY, and NaX), Na beta, NaMor, and NaZSM-5 by ion exchange. Extra large pore aluminosilicate MCM-41 was also used, The resulting MV2+-doped zeolites have been characterized by an array of analytical and spectroscopic techniques such as chemical analyses, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and fluorescence, FT-IR, FT-Raman, and MAS C-13 NMR spectroscopies. Influence of the confinement and nature of the charge-balancing cation on the molecular properties of MV2+ resulted in shifts of the lambda(max) of the absorption band in the diffuse reflectance spectra from 270 to 280 nm for MV-NaX and 290 nm for MV-NaZSM-5 samples. In addition, changes of the relative intensities of the emission bands at 340 and 420 nm were also noted. The formation of the MV.+ cation radical as a persistent species by thermal treatment from the MV2+ ground state was not observed in any of the samples. In contrast, laser flash photolysis of these samples allowed in all cases the detection of MV.+ as a long-lived transient on the microsecond time scale. Formation of MV.+ was also observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This constitutes the first firm experimental evidence that zeolites can behave as single electron donors. For MV-RbNaY and MV-CsNaY samples in outgassed sealed quartz cells, the photogenerated MV.+ is so long-lived that its diffuse reflectance spectrum and disappearance kinetics can be obtained by conventional diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. A relationship between the basic strength of the zeolite framework and the stability of photogenerated MV.+ has been established.