Removal of surfactants by powered activated carbon and microfiltration

Direct and indirect releases of large quantities of surfactants to the environment may result in serious health and environmental problems. Therefore, surfactants should be removed from water before release to the environment or delivery for public use. Using powdered activated carbon (PAC) as adsorbent and separating particles with a membrane may be an effective technique to remove surfactants. In this study, the removal of surfactants by microfiltration and PAC was investigated and the influences of the operating parameters on the effectiveness on microfiltration were determined. An anionic (LABS) and a cationic surfactant (CTAB) were selected for the experiments. A series of batch experiments were performed to determine the sorption isotherms of surfactants to PAC. Then microfiltration experiments were carried out. The results showed that formation of secondary membrane on the surface and, within the pores of the membrane, increased the retention of surfactants significantly. Increase in transmembrane pressure and pore size of the membrane decreased the rejection rates, but increase in cross-flow velocity increased the rejection rate. Temperature had no apparent affect on the efficiency of surfactant removal. Presence of electrolyte had different effects on CTAB and LABS. The rejection rates of CTAB significantly increased when the concentration of NaCl increased; however, a slight decrease was observed in the rejection rate of LABS at the same conditions. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.