Application of Pitzer's equations for modeling the aqueous thermodynamics of actinide species in natural waters: A review

A review of the applicability of Fitter's equations to the aqueous thermodynamics of actinide species in natural waters is presented. This review includes a brief historical perspective on the application of Fitter's equations to actinides, information on the difficulties and complexities of studying and modeling the different actinide oxidation states, and a discussion of the use of chemical analogs for different actinide oxidation states. Included are tables of Pitzer ion-interaction parameters and associated standard stare equilibrium constants for each actinide oxidation state. These data allow the modeling of the aqueous thermodynamics of different actinide oxidation states to high ionic strength.