Ultrasound-induced cavitation damage to external epithelia of fish skin

Transmission electron microscopy was used to show the effects of therapeutic ultrasound (less than or equal to 1.0 W/cm(2), 1 MHz) on the external epithelia of fish skin. Exposures of up to 90 s produced damage to 5 to 6 of the outermost layers. Negligible temperature elevations and lack of damage observed when using degassed water indicated that the effects were due to cavitation. The minimal intensity was determined for inducing cellular damage, where the extent and depth of damage to the tissues was correlated to the exposure duration. The results may be interpreted as a damage front, advancing slowly from the outer cells inward, presumably in association with the slow replacement of the perforated cell contents with the surrounding water. This study illustrates that a controlled level of microdamage may be induced to the outer layers of the tissues. (C) 1999 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology.