Connections of activated hopping processes with the breakdown of the Stokes-Einstein relation and with aspects of dynamical heterogeneities

We develop an extended version of the mode-coupling theory (MCT) for glass transition, which incorporates activated hopping processes via the dynamical theory originally formulated to describe diffusion-jump processes in crystals. The dynamical-theory approach adapted here to glass-forming liquids treats hopping as arising from vibrational fluctuations in the quasiarrested state where particles are trapped inside their cages, and the hopping rate is formulated in terms of the Debye-Waller factors characterizing the structure of the quasiarrested state. The resulting expression for the hopping rate takes an activated form, and the barrier height for the hopping is "self-generated" in the sense that it is present only in those states where the dynamics exhibits a well defined plateau. It is discussed how such a hopping rate can be incorporated into MCT so that the sharp nonergodic transition predicted by the idealized version of the theory is replaced by a rapid but smooth crossover. We then show that the developed theory accounts for the breakdown of the Stokes-Einstein relation observed in a variety of fragile glass formers. It is also demonstrated that characteristic features of dynamical heterogeneities revealed by recent computer simulations are reproduced by the theory. More specifically, a substantial increase of the non-Gaussian parameter, double-peak structure in the probability distribution of particle displacements, and the presence of a growing dynamic length scale are predicted by the extended MCT developed here, which the idealized version of the theory failed to reproduce. These results of the theory are demonstrated for a model of the Lennard-Jones system, and are compared with related computer-simulation results and experimental data.