IL-4-induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ activation inhibits NF-κB trans activation in central nervous system (CNS) glial cells and protects oligodendrocyte progenitors under neuroinflammatory disease conditions:: Implication for CNS-demyelinating diseases

Th2 phenotype cytokine, IL-4, plays an important role in the regulation of Th1 cell responses and spontaneous remission of inflammatory CNS demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study we demonstrate IL-4-induced down-regulation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression and survival of differentiating oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPs) in proinflammatory cytokine (Cyt-Mix)-treated CNS glial cells, which is a condition similar to that observed in the brain of a patient with MS. IL-4 treatment of Cyt-Mix-treated CNS glial cells significantly decreased iNOS expression/NO release with a parallel increase in survival of differentiating OPs. IL-4 effects were concentration-dependent and could be reversed by anti-IL-4R Abs. The use of inhibitors for Akt, p38 MAPK, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) antagonist revealed that inhibition of Cyt-Mix-induced MOS expression and survival of differentiating OPs by IL-4 is via PPAR-gamma activation. There was a coordinate increase in the expression of both PPAR-gamma and its natural ligand-producing enzyme 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) in IL-4-treated cells. Next, EMSA, immunoblots, and transient cotransfection studies with reporter plasmids (pNF-kappa B-Luc and pTK-PPREx3-Luc) and 12/15-LOX small interfering RNA revealed that IL-4-induced PPAR-gamma activation antagonizes NF-kappa B transactivation in Cyt-Mix-treated astrocytes. In support of this finding, similarly treated 12/15-LOX-/- CNS glial cells further corroborated the result. Furthermore, there was reversal of IL-4 inductive effects in the brain of LPS-challenged 12/15-LOX-/mice when compared with LPS-challenged wild-type mice. Together, these data for the first time demonstrate the inhibition of Cyt-Mix-induced NF-kappa B transactivation in CNS glial cells by IL-4 via PPAR-gamma activation, hence its implication for the protection of differentiating OPs during MS and other CNS demyelinating diseases.