Dinitrogen emissions and the N2:N2O emission ratio of a Rendzic Leptosol as influenced by pH and forest thinning

Reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) to dinitrogen (N-2) by denitrification in soils is of outstanding ecological significance since it is the prevailing natural process converting reactive nitrogen back into inert molecular dinitrogen. Furthermore, the extent to which N2O is reduced to N-2 via denitrification is a major regulating factor affecting the magnitude of N2O emission from soils. However, due to methodological problems in the past, extremely little information is available on N-2 emission and the N-2:N2O emission ratio for soils of terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we simultaneously determined N-2 and N2O emissions from intact soil cores taken from a mountainous beech forest ecosystem. The soil cores were taken from plots with distinct differences in microclimate (warm-dry versus cool-moist) and silvicultural treatment (untreated control versus heavy thinning). Due to different microclimates, the plots showed pronounced differences in pH values (range: 6.3-7.3). N2O emission from the soil cores was generally very low (2.0 +/- 0.5-6.3 +/- 3.8 mu g N m(-2) h(-1) at the warm-dry site and 7.1 +/- 3.1-57.4 +/- 28.5 mu g N m(-2) h(-1) at the cool-moist site), thus confirming results from field measurements. However, N-2 emission exceeded N2O emission by a factor of 21 +/- 6-220 +/- 122 at the investigated plots. This illustrates that the dominant end product of denitrification at our plots and under the given environmental conditions is N-2 rather than N2O. N-2 emission showed a huge variability (range: 161 +/- 64-1070 +/- 499 mu g N m(-2)h(-1)), so that potential effects of microclimate or silvicultural treatment on N-2 emission could not be identified with certainty. However, there was a significant effect of microclimate on the magnitude of N2O emission as well as on the mean N-2:N2O emission ratio. N-2:N2O emission ratios were higher and N2O emissions were lower for soil cores taken from the plots with warm-dry microclimate as compared to soil cores taken from the cool-moist microclimate plots. We hypothesize that the increase in the N-2:N2O emission ratio at the warm-dry site was due to higher N2O reductase activity provoked by the higher soil pH value of this site. Overall, the results of this study show that the N-2:N2O emission ratio is crucial for understanding the regulation of N2O fluxes of the investigated soil and that reliable estimates of N-2 emissions are an indispensable prerequisite for accurately calculating total N gas budgets for the investigated ecosystem and very likely for many other terrestrial upland ecosystems as well. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.