Luminescent sub-nanometer clusters for metal ion sensing: A new direction in nanosensors

We describe the application of a recently discovered family of materials called quantum clusters, which are sub-nanometer particles composed of a few atoms with well-defined molecular formulae, exhibiting intense absorption and emission in the visible region in metal ion sensing, taking Ag-25 as an example. The changes in the optical properties of the cluster, in both absorption and emission upon exposure to various metal ions in aqueous medium are explored. The cluster can detect Hg2+ down to ppb levels. It can also detect 5d block ions (Pt2+, Au3+ and Hg2+) down to ppm limits. Hg2+ interacts with the metal core as well as the functional groups of the capping agents and the interaction is concentration-dependent. To understand the mechanism behind this type of specific interaction, we have used spectroscopic and microscopic techniques such as UV-vis spectroscopy, luminescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Specific reasons responsible for the interaction of Hg2+ have been proposed. (c) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.