The use of potentiometric amalgam electrodes for complexation studies of humic substances.

Potentiometric amalgam electrodes of lead, cadmium, and zinc are proposed to study the complexation properties of commercial and river sediment humic acids. The copper complexation properties of both humic acids were studied in parallel using the solid membrane copper ion-selective electrode (Cu-ISE), The complexing capacity and the averaged conditional stability constants were determined at pH 6.00 +/- 0.05 in medium of 2x10(-2) mol L-1 sodium nitrate, using the Scatchard method. The lead and cadmium amalgam electrodes presented a Nernstian behavior from 1x10(-5) to 1x10(-3) moles L-1 of total metal concentration, permitting to perform the complexation studies using humic acid concentrations around of 20 to 30 mg L-1, that avoids colloidal aggregation. The zinc amalgam electrode showed a subnernstian linear response in the same range of metal concentrations. The Scatchard graphs for both humic acids suggested two classes of binding sites for lead and copper and one class of binding site for zinc and cadmium.