Independent signals regulate development of primary and secondary follicle structure in spleen and mesenteric lymph node

Lymphotoxin-alpha-deficient (LT-alpha(-/-)) mice manifest congenital absence of lymph nodes (LNs) and Peyer's patches and disturbed spleen follicle structure, The splenic white pulp areas show loss of discrete T and B lymphocyte zones, of follicular dendritic cell (FDC) clusters, and of germinal centers (GCs). Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1-deficient (TNFR-I-/-) mice show similar absence of FDC clusters and GCs but retain segregation of T and B cell zones. Rarely are mesenteric LNs found in LT-alpha(-/-) mice, These mesenteric LNs show segregation of T and B cell zones similar to wild-type mice. In contrast, mesenteric LNs in TNFR-I-/- mice manifest grossly disturbed organization of T and B cells, Both LT-alpha(-/-) and TNFR-I-/- mice lacked FDC clusters in LNs and spleen, Interestingly, although both LT-alpha(-/-) and TNFR-I-/- mice that had been immunized with sheep red blood cells failed to form GCs in the spleen, they both developed GC-like clusters of peanut agglutinin-positive (PNA(+)) cells in their LNs. Furthermore, when lethally irradiated recombination activating gene (RAG)-1-deficient (RAG-1(-/-)) mice that had received spleen cells from LT-alpha(-/-) mice were immunized with sheep red blood cells, they failed to generate PNA(+) clusters in the reconstituted spleen but showed robust PNA(+) clusters in the reconstituted LNs. These data demonstrate that the signals that regulate the development of distinct T and B cell zones as well as the signals that regulate B cell activation to produce clusters of PNA(+) cells differ between the spleen and LNs.