Why listeners hear less than they are told: Attentional load and the teller-listener extremity effect

Prior research (T. Gilovich, 1987; M. Inman, A. Reichl, & R. Baron, 1993) indicated that individuals (tellers) who directly observe an actor (on video tape) rate that actor less extremely than other individuals (listeners) who hear the tellers' secondhand accounts of the actor's actions. Evidence has suggested that this teller-listener effect is due at least in part to listeners' failure to encode and consider mitigating circumstances contributing to the actors' actions (Inman et al., 1993). The present research examined several explanations for this phenomenon. Study 1 found stronger teller-listener differences (and less recall of mitigating information) when listeners heard the teller's account in the presence of noise. Studies 2 and 3 found listener's interpretations to be more extreme when the verbal accounts they heard were verbally disorganized. These results support an attentional load explanation for teller-listener differences.