Red blood cells are dynamic reservoirs of cytokines

Red blood cells (RBCs) have been shown to affect immune function and can induce inflammatory responses after transfusion. The transfusion of washed RBCs can significantly reduce adverse effects, however, the soluble factors that may mediate these effects have not been identified. Previous studies have identified, but not quantified, a small number of chemokines associated with RBCs. We isolated RBCs from healthy volunteers and quantified of a panel of 48 cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in the lysate, cytosol, and conditioned media of these cells using Luminex (R) technology. This analysis revealed that, after correcting for white blood cell and platelet contamination, 46 cytokines were detected in RBC lysates, and the median concentration in RBCs was 12-fold higher than in the plasma. In addition, extensive washing of RBCs, such as that performed in proteomics analyses or prior to some RBC transfusions, significantly attenuated the release of six cytokines following incubation at 37 degrees C. This supports the hypothesis that, alongside its gas exchange function, RBCs play a role in cytokine signalling. This discovery may help supplement disease biomarker research and may shed light on adverse inflammatory processes that can follow RBC transfusion.