A pyrrolidinium nitrate protic ionic liquid-based electrolyte for very low-temperature electrical double-layer capacitors

This study describes the use of the pyrrolidinium nitrate ([Pyrr][NO3]) protic ionic liquid (PIL) in a mixture with gamma butyrolactone (gamma-BL) as an electrolyte for carbon-based supercapacitors with an operating voltage of 2.0 V and at very low temperature. Thermal and transport properties of this electrolyte were firstly evaluated from -40 degrees C to 80 degrees C. The evolution of conductivity with the addition of gamma-BL rendered it possible to determine the optimal composition for electrochemical application, with a molar fraction of gamma-BL of 0.6. This mixture shows a Newtonian behavior with a low viscosity value of 5 mPa s at 25 degrees C, and exhibits high conductivity values of up to 65 mS cm(-1) at 80 degrees C. At the same time, exceptional residual conductivity was measured for this composition at -40 degrees C (9 mS cm(-1)), thanks to the superionic character of pyrrolidinium nitrate PIL. Electrochemical characterization of this electrolyte demonstrated, at first, a passivation on the aluminum collector, secondly good cycling performances with an activated carbon electrode from 50 degrees C to 40 degrees C with capacitance up to 132 F g(-1) at room temperature and a wide voltage window (2.0 V). Finally at very low temperature (-40 degrees C), this system demonstrates an unprecedented combination of high specific capacitance (up to 117 F g(-1)), and rapid charging-discharging even at high current density, which is very promising for the progress of energy storage systems with environmentally friendly electrolytes at such very low temperatures.