Mechanism of procainamide-induced prevention of spontaneous wave break during ventricular fibrillation - Insight into the maintenance of fibrillation wave fronts

Background-Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is maintained by 2 mechanisms: first by reentry formation and second by spontaneous wave break or wave splitting. We hypothesized that spontaneous wave break results from a critical shortening of the action potential duration (APD) during VF and that its prevention by procainamide eliminates spontaneous wave break. Methods and Results-The endocardial surfaces of 7 isolated, perfused swine right ventricles were mapped with a 3.2 x 3.8 cm plaque with 477 bipolar electrodes. Activation pattern during VF was visualized dynamically while simultaneously recording epicardial action potentials with a glass microelectrode. APD restitution curves were constructed during VF (dynamic) and during S1S2 protocols, At baseline, VF was maintained by 5.3 +/- 1 wavelets, Procainamide (PA) at 10 mu g/mL decreased the number of wavelets to 3.5 +/- 1 (P<0.05). At baseline VF was maintained by spontaneous wave break and by new reentrant wave front formation. PA eliminated spontaneous wave break during VF while having no effect on reentry formation. PA increased the cycle length of the VF (148.5+/-41.2 ms vs 81+/-10 ms, P<0.01) and the core area of the reentry from 5.8 to 14.5 mm(2) (P<0.05). Dynamic APD restitution curve during VF showed that PA eliminated the initiation of activation with APDs shorter than 30 ms. The effects of PA on cellular properties and wave front dynamics were reversed during 60 minutes of drug-free perfusion. Conclusions-Critically short APDs during VF promote spontaneous wave break. Their elimination with PA, however, maintains VF by generating new reentrant wave front.