The use of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as a tracer of septic tank effluent in the Florida Keys

To determine the fate and movement of sewage derived contaminants and their possible interaction with surface waters in the Florida (USA) Keys, two types of experiments were conducted using SF6 as an artificial tracer. The first type of experiment examined fluid flow from septic tanks placed in Miami Oolite on Big Pine Key, where there is a shallow freshwater lens overlying saline groundwaters. Here groundwater transport rates were constrained to be between 0.11 and 1.87 m/h, travelling in an easterly direction. The second type of experiment took place on Key Large where there is no freshwater aquifer and the matrix of the aquifer is solely the more porous Key Large limestone. Here we injected the tracer into a shallow well which was screened from 0.6 to 10 m. This allowed us to evaluate groundwater movement in the shallow upper portion of the aquifer, the area to which inputs by septic tanks occur. Groundwater transport rates in the Upper Keys were as great as 3.7 m/h and were controlled by the Atlantic tide. SF6 laden groundwater plumes moved back and forth due to tidal pumping and reached nearby surface waters within 8 h. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.