The first total synthesis of lipid II: The final monomeric intermediate in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis

Bacterial peptidoglycan is composed of a network of beta-[1,4]-linked glyan strands that are crosslinked through pendant peptide chains. The final product, the murein sacculus, is a single, covalently closed macromolecule that precisely defines the size and shape of the bacterial cell. The recent increase in bacterial resistance to cell wall active agents has led to a resurgence of activity directed toward improving our understanding of the resistance mechanisms at the molecular level. The biosynthetic enzymes and their natural substrates can be invaluable tools in this endeavor. While modern experimental techniques have led to isolation and purification of the biosynthetic enzymes utilized in peptidoglycan biosynthesis, securing useful quantities of their requisite substrates from natural substrates has remained problematic. In an effort to address this issue, we report the first total synthesis of lipid 11 (4), the final monomeric intermediate utilized by Gram positive bacteria for peptidoglycan biosynthesis.