Complex regulatory element within the γE- and γF-crystallin enhancers mediates Pax6 regulation and is required for induction by retinoic acid

The paired domain, DNA-binding domain of Pax6 and other Pax transcription factors, is composed of two subdomains (PAI and RED). each recognizing distinct half-sites of the bipartite binding site in adjacent major grooves of the DNA helix. The alternatively spliced Pax6(5a) isoform containing 14 extra amino acids within the PAI domain recognizes the 5aCON sequence consisting of four interdigitated 5' half-sites of the bipartite consensus sequence. A genome database search for similar tetrameric Pax6(A) recognition sequences led to the identification of a Pax6-binding site in the lens-specific enhancer of the mouse gammaE- and gammaF-crystallin genes. This binding site combines the properties of bipartite and tetrameric recognition sequences and, by mutational analysis, is shown to mediate Pax6-dependent regulation of the gammaE- and gammaF-crystallin promoter constructs both in primary chicken lens cells and in chicken embryo fibroblasts. The Pax6-binding site is adjacent to a previously identified retinoic acid response element and is itself required for retinoic acid induction of the gammaF- and gammaE-crystallin genes, suggesting that Pax proteins and retinoic acid receptors cooperate in transcriptional regulation. In summary, our protein-DNA binding and transactivation studies suggest that gamma-crystallin genes are under the control of a multifunctional enhancer element that mediates Pax6 regulation as well as retinoic acid-mediated induction. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.