Bladder - Risk and prognostic factors - A pathologist's perspective

Despite the advent of modern laboratory techniques, morphology remains a critical element in the management of bladder cancer. Renewed interest in urologic pathology has brought about a systematic reevaluation of standard morphologic prognostic factors, the goal being to establish a better correlation with clinical outcome. As novel tumor markers are developed, their clinical utility must be assessed in a prospective setting using multivariate analysis.