Activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 by a novel oral spirochetal species Treponema lecithinolyticum

Background: Periodontal tissue destruction is a characteristic of periodontitis. This can be caused by either bacterial enzymes or host cell-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In order to elucidate the etiologic role of oral spirochetes, we investigated the effects of Treponema lecithinolyticum, a novel saccharolytic species, on MMP-2 activation. Methods: Gingival fibroblasts (GFs) and periodontal ligament (PDL) cells obtained from healthy human subjects were cultured to confluence in a-minimal essential medium (alpha -MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. After serum starvation for a day, the cultures were treated with whole cell sonicates, heat-denatured whole cell sonicates, outer membrane fraction (OMF) or formaldehyde-fixed cells of T lecithinolyticum. Culture supernatants were collected after incubation for 24 to 48 hours and analyzed for MMP-2 activation by gelatin zymography. Collagenolytic activity was quantitatively measured using human [H-3] type IV collagen as a substrate. Results: Treatment of GFs and PDL cells with whole cell sonicates, formaldehyde-fixed whole cells, or the OMF of T lecithinolyticum resulted in the production of MMP-2 partly in the fully active form with a molecular mass of 62 kDa, whereas nontreated control cultures and cultures treated with a heat-denatured fraction did not show the active form. Cultures exposed to T lecithinolyticum had higher collagenolytic activity than non-treated cultures. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that T lecithinolyticum, possibly mediated by proteinaceous cell surface-associated components, may participate in extracellular matrix degradation by activation of MMP-2 during periodontal inflammation.