Detailed architecture of a DNA translocating machine:: The high-resolution structure of the bacteriophage φ29 connector particle

The three-dimensional crystal structure of the bacteriophage phi29 connector has been solved and refined to 2.1 Angstrom resolution. This 422 kDa oligomeric protein connects the head of the phage to its tail and translocates the DNA into the prohead during packaging. Each monomer has an elongated shape and is composed of a central, mainly alpha-helical domain that includes a three-helix bundle, a distal alpha/beta domain and a proximal six-stranded SH3-like domain. The protomers assemble into a 12-mer, propeller-like, super-structure with a 35 Angstrom wide central channel. The surface of the channel is mainly electronegative, but it includes two lysine rings 20 Angstrom apart. On the external surface of the particle a hydrophobic belt extends to the concave area below the SH3-like domain, which forms a crown that retains the particle in the head. The lipophilic belt contacts the non-matching symmetry vertex of the capsid and forms a bearing for the connector rotation. The structure suggests a translocation mechanism in which the longitudinal displacement of the DNA along its axis is coupled to connector spinning. (C) 2002 Academic Press.