Feedback and cognition in arm motor skill reacquisition after stroke

Background and Purpose-A debated subject in stroke rehabilitation relates to the best type of training approach for motor recovery. First, we analyzed the effects of repetitive movement practice in 2 feedback conditions ( knowledge of results [KR]; knowledge of performance, [KP]) on reacquisition of reaching. Second, we evaluated the impact of cognitive impairment on motor relearning ability. Methods-A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in Montreal-area rehabilitation centers between 1998 and 2003 with 37 patients with chronic hemiparesis. Patients were randomly assigned to 3 groups: (1) KR (n = 14) practiced a reaching task involving 75 repetitions per day, 5 days per week for 2 weeks, with 20% KR about movement precision; (2) KP (n = 14) trained on the same task and schedule as KR but with faded KP about joint motions; and (3) control (C; n = 9) practiced a nonreaching task. Physical (motor impairment, function) and kinematic (movement time, precision, segmentation, variability) variables were assessed before and after (immediately, 1 month) practice. Cognitive functions (memory, attention, mental flexibility, planning) were also evaluated. Results-Kinematic gains in KR (precision) and KP (time, variability) exceeded those in C and depended on memory and mental flexibility deficits. In KP, more severely impaired patients made the most clinical gains (> 2XC), which were related to memory and planning abilities. Conclusions-Use of KP during repetitive movement practice resulted in better motor outcomes. Stroke severity together with cognitive impairments are important factors for choosing motor rehabilitation interventions after stroke.